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Recording Here raw data is converted into an acceptable form. That is, the data is transcribed from the source documents on the cards or on some other specified forms and are made readable for the machines. This operation is performed throughout the IPO cycle. The punched cards and paper tapes, magnetic tapes, a magnetic disks, tape cassettes, floppy disks, magnetic drums, tape cassettes, floppy disks, RAM cartridge, charged coupled devices, etc.

Verification After the data have been recorded, their accuracy has to be checked. This can be done with the help of another machine called verifier or by re-reading. Classification Classification of information is the next important operation in which the data is separated into various categories. Sorting Sorting involves sequencing the data in a pre-determined order to facilitate processing. The order may be either alphabetic or numeric.

Merging It is the operation of combining two or more ordered sorted sets of data to form another single ordered set. Calculating Here calculation of greater magnitude can be processed.

Calculation involves solving equations and manipulation of the source data such as addition, subtraction, etc. Data Storage The results of processing one set of data are retained in storage for future use of reference. The basic requirement for utilizing the computer in all business applications is the ability to store and access data. The data is stored in a location called memory referred by its address.

In large organizations, huge volume of data is to be stored and accessed. Hence, some auxiliary storage devices are also needed for the effective data processing. The memory is measured by the following units: a BIT Binary digit It is the smallest possible unit of information.

It can be either 0 or 1. It can be a letter, digit, punctuation mark or special characters. Data Retrieving: Data retrieving is the process of searching or locating a data item from the storage.

In EDP system, the data is retrieved from the storage device in sequential, indexed sequential or random access mode. The on-line data storage and retrieval is very useful for the proper functioning of a modern business establishment.

Reporting: Generally in business data processing, the processing operation comes to an end with the reporting of data. In this operation the results of the data processing are made available to others. The processed information may be reported in a number of ways depending on the use of results. The results may be printed out in the form of pay slips, bills, etc. Data in its raw form cannot be used. It must be converted into information to make it useful.

To process the data various steps are involved such as identification of data, input and manipulation of data etc. Data processing is useful for decision making and improving productivity in an organisation. Steps in data processing i. Identifying the data ii. Input of data iii. Manipulation of data iv. Output of information v. Storage of information 2. Process Control ii.

Accounting iii. Payroll preparation iv. Sales Analysis v. Inventory Management Office Automation vi. Banking and Insurance vii. Various computer applications in business. Application of computers for real time processing and online processing 4. It processes the transactions very quickly and accurately.

So, it finds applications in various stages of business 4. Payroll Processing: Business means selling goods and services. To carry out such activities, business management employs people. They have to be paid monthly salaries and the details regarding pay particulars of employees have to be kept track. Business community employs computers for such payroll applications and runs a program consisting of a number of smaller programs or modules.

Each module performs a particular function of the payroll. Sometimes we call this set of programs as payroll system. These details above the employees do not change but they have to be used every month. So they are entered into a file in a computer storage medium and permanently stored.

This file goes with the name master file. The file creation module of the payroll system creates this file once. Before calculation of the pay of employees every month, some figures in the master need changes. For example, if an employee completes a year of service, he normally gets an increment.

Such figures are updated using the master update module of the payroll system. After updating, another module of the payroll system reads details from master file and calculates net pay. The program also prints out pay slip for each employee to be handed over to him.

A pay slip shows the employee number, name, basic pay, various allowances, various deductions and net pay. The payroll system also generates a number of statements. It prints out the statement showing employee number, name, bank account number and net pay.

Some companies copy this statement on to a floppy and send to the bank which processes this statement on its computer. The payroll system generates a provident fund deduction statement. This statement shows the employee numbers, names and amount deducted. Another statement showing the names, employee numbers and tax deducted is printed. The company sends it to Income Tax office. Thus we see that a number of statements can be printed from the same master file.

Inventory Control: The second application is the use of computers to keep track of the purchase and issues of parts and raw materials needed in an organization. These parts and raw materials are called inventories and the set of programs used to keep track of the purchase and issue of these inventories constitute the inventory control system.

In business, a particularly quantity of each item or raw material has to be stocked. Too less a stock would result in non-availability of these items, when the manufacturing activity needs it. Too much of stock of these means, more money in terms of investment in buying the excess stock.

Business pays interest on money invested, and the excess interest paid on cost of excess stock is a loss to business. So the business maintains an optimum quantity of material.

This file is the inventory master. If the resultant stock falls below the reorder level, the inventory control program prints out an order to the supplier of the item automatically.

It can be mailed to the supplier. When the supplier supplies the item, the inventory control program updates the stock on hand. The inventory control system keeps track of the supplies and issues. So, it can tell the management of the company the usage of these items over a period of time quickly. It also maintains an optimum level of stock of these items.

Sales Order Processing Real —time systems offer the possibility of a greatly prompt service to the customer. His order can be processed within virtually no time. The finished goods inventory file may have data terminals throughout the sales territory. The customer would be made immediately in the general ledge. The invoice can also be posted to the accounts receivable file instantaneously.

The selection of warehouse that is closest to the customer can also be made and a coy of the invoice could be displayed at the warehouse terminals.

Beside, the following functions can be performed rapidly. This file provides a ready Information to the sales manager regarding sales trends, etc. Check Your Progress 7 List out any two application of computers in business? Banking: In banks the customers, present cheques for withdrawing money.

The clerk verifies from the register the signature of the customer. The customer has signed in the application form while opening an account. If the customer has sufficient balance to cover the cheque amount, the clerk passes the cheque for payment, and updates the balance.

We will see how the above operation called personal banking is computerized. Suppose you want to open a bank account. The bank official hands over a form to you. You fill up the details such as name, address, profession etc. The bank stores this information in a computer on which a banking software runs.

If you present a cheque to the clerk in the bank, he can check the signature manually. If he is satisfied with the correctness, he can enter you account number and the cheque amount into the computer which checks your account and updates the amount. The clerk then pays you the money. In the method, the payment is manual and accounting is automatic.

There is another way where the checking of you accounts as well as payment is made by computer using an automatic teller machine. Let us study this. A machine similar to automatic coffee vending machine is installed at selected places. When you open an account, the bank gives you a special type of card.

Your name, account number and address are suitably recorded. Your signature is magnetically recorded in that card. All these details are suitably converted and recorded in the computer also.

When you want to withdraw money, you go to the teller counter and press a few buttons. You then insert your card in the slot provided in the machine. The machine reads you account number and signature from the card. It sends them to the computer which checks you account number and signature. If they tally, the computer sends a relevant message to the automatic teller machine. It asks you to enter the amount. You may enter the amount through the buttons on the machine.

Again the computer checks if you have sufficient balance. If so, it instructs the machine to pay you. The ATM then delivers the cash on the tray fixed in it. You may collect the money. This is only one example of application of computer in banks. Now large systems installed at the head office of a particular bank are connected to systems installed at its branches all over the country.

The computers of different banks are also connected together. By sending suitable messages money can be transferred from one bank to the other. This is called Electronics Funds Transfer.

Railway Reservation System: Application of computers in railway reservation has made tremendous impact in India. Before computerizing, there were a number of counters, each counter serving a particular train or a few trains.

If you want to make a reservation to, say Delhi, you have to go to the particular counter and join the queue. The clerk had a register in which two or three pages are allotted to each date. He may have two or three more registers for other trains for which he is making reservation. He puts seat numbers on a page one by one and keeps writing the names of passengers for whom he reserves seats against seat numbers.

After some time, if somebody cancels his ticket, he strikes off the name. This gives rise to lot of confusions. In a number of situations, two persons used to be allotted the same seat. With the increasing population the Government is increasing the number of trains.

Thus the volume of data to be handled has also increased enormously. You can just imagine the confusion this will create if we are still following the manual system of reservation. We just saw how manual system has become unsuitable in the present context. Now let us study how the computerized railway reservation system works. There is a central computer with a number of terminals connected to it the details of all trains for which reservation is done at the region are stored in the computer.

The railway reservation system runs on this computer. The terminals are situated in booking counters. It is possible to install the terminals in a far off place and connect them to the computer through cables. When the passenger presents the reservation form to the booking clerk he enters the train number, date, name, age and other details of the passenger. The program checks availability of seats in that particular train on that particular date.

If accommodation is available, the clerk presses a button on the key board and the computer prints out the ticket on the printer connected to the terminal. It also updates the computer file to reflect the new reservation position. Suppose you wanted the ticket for train number 1, but you get only a waiting list. The clerk tells you your position in the waiting list. If you want you can get a wait listed ticket. If not, you tell the clerk to check for accommodation in a different train to your destination.

The clerk only has to re-enter the train number. The computer checks availability, reserves you ticket on that train if a seat is available and prints the ticket. Thus you can go to any booking counter and request for reservation in any train being operated on that station.

Also the errors found in the manual reservation method are eliminated. The reservation system is broader based as follows: Today computers in different cities are connected together. It is called networking. Suppose you are in Coimbatore. You want to book your journey from Madras to Coimbatore. You can go to a booking counter Railways have opened a number of booking counters in the same city in Coimbatore and reserve your ticket from Madras to Coimbatore.

Thus there is lot of flexibility in reservation. We studied that computers are capable of storing lot of data on the hard disk. They are also capable of retrieving data fast. So the list of passengers for a particular day for a particular train is also printed out very fast.

The reservation data for a number of trains over a period of time is available. By suitable software, the railway authorities can prepare the data regarding passengers traveling in different trains to different places during different periods.

This helps them plan for new trains, reschedule the running trains and make lot of analysis regarding passenger traffic. Air Lines Reservation System: We saw how computers handle the railway reservation and offer a number of advantages. They can be used also in Airlines reservation. Only difference will be that some booking counters in the reservation network may be situated in different countries. This means that we have to connect computers across the countries. Such networks are operational now.

In the coming years, computerized reservation systems will become very common. Even hotel accommodation reservation systems for major hotels are coming up. If we integrate flight and hotel reservation, it is convenient for the passengers.

Let us consider the example of a manufacturing process. A product C is made from raw materials A and B. The quality of C depends upon, among other things, the quality of A and B and their quantities. In big manufacturing processes, raw materials are fed by machineries. Due to problems i n machineries, the performances may vary from machine to machine.

This affects the quality of final product. Manual inspection of quality and operation of these machineries to control the quantity are slow. This slows the manufacture of C from raw materials A and B. Signals from C are fed to the computer. Suitable sensors are installed in the lines carrying raw materials as well as finished product. These generate signals. The values of these signals for correct proportion of raw materials are stored in the computer. When the process is on signals keep coming from the output line depending up the quality of finished product.

Let us see what happens if either A or B varies in quality. The quality of the finished product also suffers. The sensor in the finished product line senses this. The signals generated by it change in strength. They are sent to the computer. It compares the signals with already stored signals. The difference is used to change the quantity of raw materials A and B. Manual control of this process is slow. Moreover, if people inspect quality and operate machineries feeding raw materials, they become tired after sometime.

But computer does not. So the quality of product is uniform. Moreover, there may be processes where the presence of human beings continuously for hours together will be injurious to their health.

In such places computer control avoids such ill-effects. Computer is useful in business processes like payroll processing for generating statements useful for various departments like provident office, ESI etc. It is useful for inventory control activities such as maintaining optimum inventory level and re-order level. Online applications in banking and reservation have brought about advantages like saving of time and money.

Car manufacturing industries and other production functions use real time applications effectively. Explain in detail about the application of computers in business.

Explain in detail about on- line applications. Write short notes on Real- Time Applications. Sales order processing ii. Inventory control iii. Payroll processing 4. Various job opportunities available in the computer field. Nature of job of a programmer, system analysts, web designer 3.

Information technology enabled services like BPO. It is creating the need for professional workers who can fulfill the high performance standards in the technology- based industries. The IT professional plan, design, develops, support, and manage the strategies and adopt them to fulfill basic objectives of them firm.

The rapidly changing technology requires the employees to have more skills and education. The companies look out for IT professionals who not only have sound technical knowledge of the subject but also have sound interpersonal and communication skills.

Programmer: A programmer is a person who writes the code for a computer program. Computer programs are the instructions given to the computer, telling the computer what to do, which information to identify, access and process. They are involved in coding of a project and the successful implementation of the developed system.

There are tow types of programmers — application programmers and system programmers. The application programmers code programs for a specific task application in the organization.

On the other hand, the systems programmers code programs for controlling and maintaining the computer system software. System analyst: A systems analyst plans, designs, develops, and implements new systems or applies the existing system resources to perform additional operations. Most of the systems analysts work with specific type of system like business, accounting, finance, science or engineering and so on. Some systems analysts are also known as system developers or system architects.

A system analyst determines the problem in the system by discussing it with the managers and users before starting an assignment. They study the information needs of the organization to determine the changes that are required to deliver a solution to the problems of users. Next, the systems analyst determines the hardware and software needed to set up the system. Systems analysts prepare the specifications, flowcharts, and process diagrams for the computer programmers to follow, and then work with the programmers to debut, and to rectify and errors in the system.

They also check the initial use of the system and organize tests to check the working of the system to ensure that it works as required of planned. Systems analysts who perform more intricate testing of products are referred to as software equality assurance analysts. They not only perform tests but also diagnose the problems, suggest solutions and checks whether the program requirements have been met or not. The analysts, who design, test and evaluate the Internet, Intranet, local area network LAN , wide area network WAN and other data communications system are called network and data communications analysts.

Network administrator A network administrator is a person who installs, configures, and supports the local area network, wide area network, the Internet system or the segment of a network system in an organization. Every network in an organization requires at least one network administrator.

Network administrators perform the functions such as installation, configuration, maintenance of computers, and networking of equipment. They also check and ensure the availability of network to all the users. They supervise the support of other networks and plan, coordinate and implement network security measures. Database administrator A database administrator DBA is an individual who is responsible for the storage of data, management of the database, and implementation of the database management system.

They work with database management systems software and determine ways to organize and store data. They identify user requirements, set up the computer databases, and test and organize the modifications to the systems. DBA is responsible for maintaining data integrity, back up systems and database security.

With the rapid growth of the Internet, many jobs relating to design, development, and maintenance of the web sites and servers have cropped up in the market. The web designer controls all aspects of design and programming of elements of text and visual design. They are responsible for maintaining all technical aspects of a web site, including its performance issues such as speed of access and approving the content of the web site.

Web designers create the artistic feel of the web site, facilitate navigation, and make content on the web site accessible to the users. Information security analyst An information security analyst is an individual who performs highly complex analysis and technical tasks involving assignment and co-ordination of measures to provide information assurance, event detection, and rapid response across various environments of the enterprise.

Information security analysts design, implement and support integration of information security solutions including security architectures, firewall administration, integrating security products, and developing and coordinating security implementation plans. They provide technical support on security projects that involve a wide range of issues including secure electronic data traffic, network security, platform and data security and privacy.

They review and contribute to the security activities of business application and development project plans across all business units. Business process outsourcing Business Processing Outsourcing BPO refers to a decision to assign to another party some or all non-core processes. The main motive of BPO is to allow the company to invest more time, money, and human resources into core activities and building strategies, which helps in company growth.

The BPO jobs include various sectors like finance, accounts, customer support, IT services, medicines, among other. Today, the global market is highly competitive and ever changing. A company must focus on improving productivity and even cut down costs. There fore, many tasks that use precious time, resources and energy, are being outsourced.

BPOs, or the units to which work is being outsourced are flexible, quicker, and cheaper and very efficient in performance of the work. Check Your Progress 8 Who is a programmer? Notes: a Write your answer in the space given below b Check your answer with the one given at the end of this unit pp.

The vast spread of IT has generated versatile jobs such as programmer, Systems Analysts, network Administrator, Web designer, information security analyst, and many more. There are two types of programmers-application programmers and system programmer. Suresh K. Differences between analog and digital computers. Basic principles of operation of a digital computer. These technologies allow people to transmit information quickly and widely, linking distance places and to create communities that just a decade ago were unimaginable.

It is difficult to appreciate just how quickly information technology is evolving. Five decades ago ENIAC, one of the earliest computers stood ten feet tall and stretched eighty feed wide; while today, one can buy a musical greeting card with a silicon chip that is times faster than ENIAC. This extraordinary phase of information technology is bringing people and cultures together and creating new social dynamics in the process. It is leading to the formation of closely bonded and widely dispersed community of people united by their interest in doing business or in sharing experiences and intellectual pursuits.

New forms of knowledge accumulation are developing, as are computer based learning system that opened the way to innovate modes of instruction and learning. As an aid in problem solving, it accepts data, both numeric and non numeric, processes and presents it in the desired form. The following are the various types of computer systems: 6.

Analog Computers Analog is the Greek word, which means similar. So, in analog computers, the similarities between any two quantities are measure by electrical voltages or current.

The analog computers operate by measuring instead of counting. The analog computer works on the supply of continuous electrical signals. The display is also continuous. Its output is in the form of graphs. Analog Signal: An analog signal is a continuous variable electromagnetic wave.

It can consume an infinite number of voltage or current values. Characteristics of analog computer The analog computer has the following important characteristics: a It operates by measuring. Digital Computers These computers work with quantities represented as digits. They operate on discrete quantities. In digital computer, both numeric and non- numeric information are represented as strings of digits. The information is given to the computer in the form of discrete electrical signals.

The basic operation performed by a digital computer is addition. Characteristics of digital computer The digital computer has the following characteristics: a It operates by counting. No Analog computer Digital computer 1 It operates by measuring It operates by counting 2 It requires physical analog It functions on discrete numbers 3 The calculations are first converted The calculations are converted to equations and later converted into into binary numbers 1s and 0s electrical signals 4 The output is in the form of graph The output is in the form of discrete values 5 Less accurate More accurate 6 Less speed High speed 7 Limited memory is available More memory is available 8 Lacks flexibility Highly flexible 9 Cannot process alpha-numeric Can process alpha number information information 10 Limited application More number of applications 11 Not suitable for business Highly suitable for business applications applications 3.

Hybrid computers: The computer which possess the features of both analog and digital computers are called hybrid computers. That is, the hybrid computers have the good qualities of both analog and digital computer. With the hybrid computer the user can process both continuous and discrete data. This computer accepts either digital or analog or both types of input and gives the results as per requirements through special devices. In the hybrid computers a converter is fixed to convert the analog data into digital data and vice versa.

These are special purpose devices and are not widely used. General Purpose Computer These are designed and constructed to cater almost all the needs of the society. They can perform various operations. In fields of engineering, science, commerce and industry. They are able to perform according to the programs created to meet different needs.

The general — purpose computer can be used to prepare stores reports, sales reports, payroll, etc. Special Purpose Computers These computers are designed to solve a particular problem or task, the computers are provided with limited memory and speed necessary for a particular job. The instructions needed to perform the particular task are incorporated into the internal memory of the computer.

It does not posses unnecessary options, hence it is economical. Business purpose computers and scientific purpose computers. Micro Computers Because of its small size and the use of micro-processor, this computer is called micro computer. All the computers have three units namely input, output and central processing unit, CPU. The entire CPU is contained in a single or a few microchips. Its storage capacity is low when compared to mini and main frame computers.

It is able to accept most of the high level languages. However, it uses an interpreter or complier for running high level languages. Microchips contain micro electronic circuitries which are very tiny. Large numbers of these can be packed tightly on to a single tiny piece of silicon. Silicon is a material found in sand. The microchip is made by building up a series of very thin layers of silicon and of the tiny components which are held in it.

They are relatively inexpensive, the micro computers have excellent graphic capabilities. The maximum word length varies according to the configuration of the microcomputers. Kinds of Microchips The microchips can be classified as follows: a Micro Processors: These are the most powerful kind.

They are almost tiny computers in themselves. Each one ahs a processing Unit, a memory and a special area to handle input and output. Microprocessors are the most important part of the CPU of a modern computer b Memory Chips: These are the common form of computer memory. They are used to hold information either temporarily or permanently. Features of Micro Computers a Its storage capacity is low.

However it uses an interpreter when running high level language because most micros do not have sufficiently large memory to support compliers. Advantages a They are small and portable. Disadvantages a Micros have a limited storage capacity. Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, at least 64MB Mega bytes of RAM, built — in network support, and a graphical user interface.

Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as a dish drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. In terms of computing power, workstations lie between personal computers and mini-computers, although the line is fuzzy on both ends high-end personal computers are equivalent to low-end workstations. And high-end workstations are equivalent to minicomputers.

Like personal computers, most workstations are single-user computers. However, workstations are typically liked together to form a local-area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.

Mini Computers The size of the mini-computer is in between the size of micro and main frame computers. It is more powerful than a micro computer. Mini computers are usually designed to serve multiple users. Today, mini- computers are the popular data processing systems in the field of business and industry.

These computers accept all high level languages. Characteristics 1. It is a general purpose machine with a smaller CPU than a main frame 2. Its storage capacity is about 2 mega words 3.

Its word lengths are usually 12, 16, 24, 32 bits. It can support all high level languages. It can support many terminals i.

Advantages a It performs almost all the tasks that a mainframe computer does. Disadvantages a They are very expensive b They required large room space. Super Computers The super computers are very costly. Hence it is rarely used. Its capacity is abnormally high, it cannot be compared with any other computers in capacity, function, speed, accuracy, language etc.

They are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. The chief difference between a super computer and a main frame computer is that a super computer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible. But main frame uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.

Characteristics a They use several processors working simultaneously. They are used in weather forecasting, supersonic aircrafts design and other works that require billions of calculations per second. Laptop computer: Laptop computer, simply laptop notebook computer or notebook , is a small mobile computer, which usually weighs pounds kilograms , depending on size, materials, and other factors.

Many computers also have a 3 volt cell to run the clock and other processes in the event of a power failure.

As personal computers, laptops are capable of the same tasks as a desktop computer, although they are typically less powerful for the same price.

They contain components that are similar to their desktop counterparts and perform the same functions, but are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and efficient power consumption. In addition to a built- in keyboard, they may utilize a touchpad also known as a trackpad or a pointing stick for input, though an external keyboard or mouse can usually be attached.

Check Your Progress 1 A. Give some examples for super computers. What is a micro computer? Even though they ma differ in constructional details, the basic principles of operation are almost the same. A computer is basically a device used for processing of data, it performs the following three operations in sequence: a Receives the data and instruction.

This cycle of operation of a computer is known as the input process — Output cycle. This can be explained in the following figure. They are encoding such a way, which the computer can understand. The computer then processes the data with the help of instructions provided to it, then it produces a meaningful and desired output known as information.

The above functions are collectively known as the basic principles of operation of a digital computer. Analog computers- calculations are converted to equations and then converted into electrical signals. Output is in the form of graph. Digital computers- calculations are converted into binary numbers and output is in the form of discrete numbers. Hybrid computers include the characteristics of both analog and digital computers.

A micro computer is a small, low cost digital computer, which usually consists of a microprocessor, a storage unit, an input and output channel, all of which maybe on one chip inserted into one or several PC boards. Micro computers include desktop, laptop and handheld models such as PDAs 5. A mini computer is a small digital computer, which is normally able to process and store less data than a mainframe but more than a micro computer.

A mainframe is an ultra high performance computer made for high volume, processor intensive computing. It is mainly used for large volumes of data processing, high performance online transaction processing systems.

A super computer is a special purpose machine. There are unique and parallel architectures in order to achieve high speed and being effective on a small range of problems. Micro computers include desktop, laptop and handheld models such as PDAs 6.

Lesson End Activity 7. Various technologies used in different generations. Characteristics of computers of each generation 7. In computer terminology, the word generation is described as a stage of technological development or innovation. A major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices characterize each generation of computers. These computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

A magnetic drum is a metal cylinder coated with magnetic iron-oxide material on which data and programs can be stored. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. First generation computers relied on binary-coded language language of 0s and 1s to perform operations and were able to solve only one problem at a time. Each machine was fed with different binary codes and hence were difficult to program.

This resulted in lack of versatility and speed. In addition, to run on different types of computers, instructions must be rewritten or recompiled. Therefore, air conditioning was essential. Hence, constant maintenance was required. Hence, commercial appeal of these computers was poor. Second Generation Computers :Transistors In the sixties, there was lot of development in semiconductor field - a field of materials. In vacuum tubes, a filament is heated to emit electrons, the basic component of an atom that carry current.

In ,Willam Shockley and a few of his colleagues invented transistors, which do not need any heating to liberate electrons in addition to being smaller in size, they saved power due to the absence of heating and hence the cooling needed.

Hence calculations became faster. The reliability also increased. Today you cannot see any second generation computers. The smaller size of components saw mass production of computers which became cheaper.

Many companies started buying and using them increasing the demand. Computer programming languages developed further to make programming easier and user friendly. The increased use of computers and the consequent mass production sent the prices crashing down. Computer scientists and electronic engineers were developing more sophisticated computers. Hence, such computers required less frequent maintenance. Hence, programming became more time efficient and less cumbersome.

Third Generation Computers - early s :Integrated circuits In second generation computers, one could recognize the circuit components such as transistors, resistors and capacitors distinctly. Slowly scientists started integrating these components together so that they are not separate. They were fused into the circuits. People called it large scale integrated circuits LSI. Computers using such components were called third generation computers. Since components were packed together more densely, the size of computers became smaller.

Programmers also developed more sophisticated software. By , engineers developed a device called microprocessor. Lot of circuits was packed into it. Intel was one such chip. In some cases, air conditioning was still required. However, highly sophisticated technologies were required for the manufacture of IC chips.

Fourth Generation Computers Early s — till date :Micro processors More and more circuits were packed in a microprocessor. The components were integrated further and very large scale integration VLSI technology revolutionized computer field further. Intel Corporation made chips such as and to be followed by , , and now the Pentium processor. These chips perform calculations faster. They are not only used in computers, but also in measuring devices and even in house hold devices such as washing machines.

Computers using such VLSI chips progressively shrunk in size. Computers using the microprocessors are termed as microcomputers. The software technology also developed further. Programmers developed more sophisticated and user friendly software. In course of time, the cost of these computers have come down so much that even individuals bought them so they came to be known as personal computers.

Fifth Generation Computers Present and beyond :Artificial Intelligence Up to fourth generation, the classification was based purely on hardware. Fifth generation computers are classified based on software also. VLSI technology is used in fifth generation computers. They have large main memories. The speed is also high. In order to store instructions and information, fifth generation computers require a great amount of storage capacity.

Mega chips may enable the computer to approximate the memory capacity of the human mind. This is called serial processing. However, a computer using parallel processing accesses several instructions at once and works on them at the same time through use of multiple central processing units.

AI comprises a group of related technologies: expert systems ES , natural language processing NLP , speech recognition, vision recognition, and robotics. Check Your Progress 2 In which generation the following were used. Vacuum tubes iii. Microprocessors IV. Integrated circuits Notes: a Write your answer in the space given below b Check your answer with the one given at the end of this Lesson pp. Based on the type of processor installed in the computer, the generations of computers are classified into five.

In First generation, Vacuum tubes were used. So the computer were very large in size. It used binary coded language to write programs. In second generation, transistors were used. So the computer became small in size. Computer programming languages were developed and programming also became easier. In third generation, Integrated circuits were used. Sophisticated software was also developed. This helped to reduce computational time. In fourth generation, microprocessors were used.

Sophisticated and user friendly software was also developed. This helped to reduce computational time further and cost of computers also came down considerably.

Explain in detail about the generation of computers. Discuss in detail about the various generations of computers. List out the characteristics of First Generation Computers. Write short notes on the characteristics of 2nd Generation Computers.

What are the characteristics of 4th Generation Computers? Various methods of data processing. Draw backs and special features of data processing 8.

Various methods or modes of data processing are given below: i. The single user system ii. Batch processing iii. Multi-programming iv. On-line Processing v. Real-Time processing vi. Time sharing concept vii. Distributed processing 8. Here only one person can work at a time. Hence, especially if the machine is meant for the use of many persons, much computer time is wasted waiting for one person to finish and debug his program on the machine.

Batch Processing This is an old system but even today it is used for data processing in computing machines, in which the capacity of the CPU is limited. In this system, the data is collected for a predetermined period of time, after which it is accumulated in sequential manner.

In this system the source transaction documents are first collected before being sent to computer room. A batch of transactions is entered onto a computer media by data entry devices. The transactions are validated during data entry and verified with the source documents from the check lists.

The validated and verified results on reports are returned to the user departments. In batch processing system the emphases is on maximizing the computer resource utilization. In batch processing, the processing cycle called Batch processing cycle repeats itself at every regular intervals. The elements this cycle are given below: i Data capture. Features a Here, the data is accumulated into batches and processed periodically.

Instead, his calls are recorded at a centralized place and are processed on a predetermined period of time to prepare his bills. Time gap between capture of data 2. Time consuming to debug 3. Delay in generating reports 3. Multi-programming: In batch processing, programs are executed one by one. The memory and ALU of the machine are not being fully utilized.

To get the maximum use of the machine, multi- programming system is used. The multi-programming concept is event based. The purpose of multi-programming is to increase utilization of the computer system as whole. Multi-programming is defined as execution of two or more program that all reside in primary storage. Since the CPU can execute only one instruction at a time, cannot simultaneously execute instructions from two or more program.

Finding love is a challenging quest even in your home country. Dating in Germany will either make it more so or raise the chance to finally get the partner you've been looking for all along. Dating for expats info. Living in Germany is an incredible opportunity to rediscover and reinvent yourself, including the romantic side of your life.

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Dating Profile. Is online dating easier for single female expats in Germany than for their male counterparts?